Later History Summary

Mozarabic Rite What does a 6th century rite from the Visigothic Kingdom of Spain have to do with the Shroud of Turin?

1357	Geoffrey II de Charny displayed the Shroud in a church in Lirey, France. A medal was minted to commemorate the exhibition.
1389	As a result of being exhibited in 1389, Bishop Pierre D'Arcis of Troyes charged, in a memorandum to Pope Clement VII, that the Shroud was a forgery. He states that his predecessor, Bishop Herni of Poitiers has determined that the Shroud was a forgery because the image was not mentioned in the Gospels, that an investigation by Bishop Henri showed it to be a cunning painting, and that an unnamed artist has confessed. No evidence is presented, the forger is not named, and there is no other evidence that Bishop Henri ever investigated the Shroud's authenticity.
1453	Margaret de Charny, deeded the Shroud to the House of Savoy in return for some unspecified services.
1464	As a result of Pope Sixtus IV acknowledging his personal belief that the Shroud is the real burial cloth of Jesus, the Savoy family built a special chapel for the Shroud in Chambery, France.
1532	Fire in the Chambery palace damaged the Shroud. Molten silver from the reliquary that contained the Shroud and water used to extinguish the fire caused permanent damage to the cloth. Two scorch lines each with four large scorch marks are the most visible damage caused by the fire. There are also some water stains caused by the dousing of the fire. The image on the Shroud was not seriously damaged and the cloth was repaired by the Poor Clare nuns.
1578	The Savoys moved the Shroud to Turin, Italy.
1898	Secondo Pia photographed the Shroud and found that the image seemed to be negative image since his negative glass plates showed a positive image.
1939-1946	For safety during World War II, the Shroud was hidden in the Abbey of Montevergine in Avellino, Italy It is then returned to its permanent home in Turin.
1983	Umberto II of Savoy, the deposed king of Italy dies and wills the Shroud to the Vatican. It remains, however, in Turin.
1997	Fire breaks out in the dome of Saint John the Baptist Cathedral in Turin. Firefighters save the Shroud by removing it from the cathedral.

Home Page & Introduction: The Shroud of Turin Story - A Guide to the Facts 2005

Key questions

The Shroud of Caiaphas An amazing forensic science mystery.

Second Face Image What does an announcement by the Institute of Physics in London mean?

Mozarabic Rite What does a 6th century rite from the Visigothic Kingdom of Spain have to do with the Shroud of Turin?

FACTS GALLERY

Chemistry What do we know about the chemical nature of the images?

Carbon 14 Tests They conclude for a medieval provenance. Are they wrong? It seems so. According to National Geographic News (April 9, 2004) there is now definitive chemical evidence that the test samples were cut from a medieval repair patch.

FAQ Facts and dubious claims.

updated 2005

Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Protestant and Evangelical Christians (conservative and liberal alike) are beginning to realize that there is something not easily understood about the Shroud.

The arguments on both sides of the authenticity debate are being updated with puzzling information coming out of new discoveries in 2004.

The Shroud of Turin is poignantly contrary to the expectations of believers and skeptics alike. But at the same time it is auspiciously not too fantastic for modern sensibilities.

SEE HOME PAGE

strong case

Together, a conspectus of its history and valid scientific evidence make a strong case that the Shroud is a genuine burial cloth of a Roman-style crucifixion victim.

JOHN DOMINIC CROSSAN
PARADOX

Valid is emphasized because much that is reported in polemic books and websites—by zealous believers and skeptics alike—is junk science.

If it is a burial cloth, then historical records are sufficient to infer that the Shroud's enigmatic images of a naked, much wounded man are of Jesus of Nazareth.

It is certainly much older than the now discredited radiocarbon date of ca 1260-ca 1390. This is supported by chemical evidence.

It is quite possible that the unusual images were formed by some perfectly natural chemical process. The superficial conjugated carbon bonds—the microscopic chromophores of the images—possibly result from a Maillard reaction between reactive body amines and residual starch fractions and saccharides in natural soap. We need only turn to Pliny the Elder to see how ancient linen was made and to find supporting evidence.

Science cannot rule out a miracle but it can and does rule out fakery.

If genuine, then the Shroud is unquestionably the oldest historical document pertaining to the life and death of Jesus. If genuine, it is pictorial and forensic evidence that gives credence to the the passion story.

And if genuine, this piece of ancient linen offers new insights in the quest for the historical Jesus and new ways to scrutinize contemporary biblical exegesis.

Is the Shroud evidence of the resurrection? Possibly, but perhaps only indirectly. Clearly, if it is a burial cloth, the body it wrapped was separated from it soon after burial—before decomposition products could have ravaged the cloth. Forensic science, applied to the Shroud, argues against the polemics of swoon theory or a stolen body.

Ray Rogers, a Fellow of the University of California, Los Alamos National Laboratory, a chemist who has scientifically examined the Shroud—in Turin—and studied the object for more than 27 years, wrote:

with some legitimacy, we might put up a strong case for a First Century shroud with an image best explained as being that of a crucified man. Isn't that enough? Remember that there weren't any Christians or Christian fanatics (e.g., Templars) in the First Century. There wasn't anyone around so warped that they would crucify a person to create a relic, and the technology did not exist to produce an adequate fake.

Perspective: My name is Dan Porter. I am the author of this website.

Biblical scholar and Anglican bishop, John A. T. Robinson wrote in Honest to God: "All I can do is try to be honest, honest to God and about God and to follow the argument wherever it leads." I have tried to make this my guiding principle in exploring the Shroud.

JOHN A. T. ROBINSON
SURPRISE »

I am a lifelong Episcopalian with one foot firmly planted in liberal theological views and the principles of Progressive Christianity and one foot planted in conservative thought and traditional orthodoxy. I am a member of Trinity Church Wall Street (Episcopal) in New York City.

While I personally believe in the Resurrection of Christ, I claim no opinion about its physical or spiritual nature. I don't interpret the Gospels as literal or linear accounts of the life of Jesus. I believe the Gospels were written to elicit faith and as such are truer than they could be as mere historical narratives. But the accounts, starting with Jesus' arrest and ending with the discovery of the empty tomb, seems very historical.

If the Shroud is real, as I have come to believe it is, it confirms the Passion story and lavishes new verisimilitude upon the Resurrection. It could be that we have a picture of Jesus.