1)
Cotton fibers encrusted with gum mordants. There are no cotton fibers
elsewhere on the Shroud.
2) Obvious spliced older
and newer threads. The newer thread contains cotton fiber. The older
thread does not.
3) Madder root dyestuff
found in C14 site but not elsewhere on the Shroud.
4) Vanillin (natural
vanilla) exists in C14 site but not elsewhere on the cloth. Vanillin,
disappears over time. Measurements of the chemical rate for loss of
vanillin estimates an age of at least 1300 years as opposed to 600 years
by C14 testing.